Susan Reynoldss Attack on the Concepts of Feudalism Supported by F.L. Ganshof and Marc Bloch

How to Think like a Hiring Manager and Get the Job

How to Think like a Hiring Manager and Get the Job When you’re interviewing for a new job, the odds are in your favor if you can rely on a referral from a mutual friend or a big-name former employer. If that’s not the case, you’re going in to a situation where you’ll need to sell yourself. Hiring managers are often misled by their personal biases- and learning to stack the deck in your favor can pay off when it comes time to get hired!Keep the following in mind if you’re gearing up for an important interview:We tend to think positively about people who we think are like us.What can you find out about the company culture or even the hiring manager in particular to help you demonstrate interests they may share?We tend to view those different from us negatively, even if we need someone with very different skills.While it’s good to be yourself in an interview, it’s only common sense to downplay any fringe interests or edgy personal style features- for example, hide visible tattoos or pierc ings until you’re sure the office culture is receptive to them.First impressions count.â€Å"The halo effect† and its opposite (â€Å"the pitchfork effect,† maybe?) is what happens when we find one quality we like in a person and assume that the rest of their unknown qualities are probably just as good (or as a bad, if we focus on a quality we don’t like).If you make a great impression with one area of experience or personality trait, the interviewer may give you the benefit of the doubt in areas where they know less about you! (The flip side is of course that one bad impression may color their whole perception of you just as easily.)People  make subconscious assumptions.Try as you might, you won’t know what traits will ping a hiring manager’s radar. It could be your college, your  last company, your hometown, the teams you  support, or the stores you visit. Keep an eye out for what you might mention, but always always  be genuine. E veryone can spot a fake.Living and working in New York, I have had to become as cautious about disclosing sports affiliations as most people are about politics, religion, and money! But when I’m lucky enough to encounter a fellow Mets fan or a member of my alumni association, I play that up like nobody’s business- don’t be shy about school/team/town name-dropping, just avoid coming across like The Office‘s  Andy Bernard and trying to mirror everyone’s experience with your own!

Formal Report-Analyzing two possible career choices Assignment

Formal Report-Analyzing two possible career choices - Assignment Example The choices that are being considered are that of a career as a Sales Manager or as a Marketing Manager. These two positions will be evaluated on the basis of the salary, number of hours worked, the benefits that go with the job and the long term prospects for the job. Career Alert conducted extensive research on the job opportunities open for a Sales Manager and a Marketing Manager through the website Glassdoor.com, the ExecutivesOnTheWeb.com and Careerbuilder.com. Information regarding the current salary ranges of both the Sales and Marketing Managers were based on these sites. Interviews were conducted among current Sales and Marketing Managers to get insights on their careers. Career Alert believes in the importance of making the right decision in choosing a career. We are aware that a career choice is dependent on several factors such as the salary and the future prospects for the job. Your concern is our concern too. We measure our success by the success of our clients. We are dedicated to helping you decide what the best career path is for you, a Sales Manager or a Marketing Manager. Glassdoor. (2012, March 27). Sales and marketing manager salaries. Retrieved April 9, 2012, from glassdoor.com Web site:

MKTG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MKTG - Essay Example The first stage in the market study was interviewing potential consumers in the areas in China like Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou. In the first stage of study the aim was to understand the packaging and pricing elements of the product. In the process also 30 retailers were interviewed exclusively to understand the way to penetrate in to the Chinese markets and to understand the way to approach the right customers in an appropriate way. The second phase of the marketing study was the analysis of the extensive information or data collected from the customers and reviewing them. The main aim of this phase was to decide whether it is right for the company to enter the Chinese market to widen their market area. It is very essential for a company in a research process to look in to the nature of their targeted market, the customer buying behavior and product demand .Finally, results of the interview would allow the company to decide whether they should enter Chinese market or not to boo st up their sales. Please refer to this site to find the web page with information on marketing study. http://www.cmrconsulting.com.cn/services/casestudies/cosmeticscase.html

Human Impact on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change - A Research Paper

Human Impact on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change - A Sociological Perspective - Research Paper Example l of development and export intensity are correlated with the total carbon dioxide emissions and in the contamination of air, water, and land so in this case, it proves that industrial advancements contribute greatly to environmental degradation. Forests were also converted into export materials for some countries. Aside from deforestation, desertification, and oil spillage and sea erosion are forms of environmental degradation that were created based on functionalism’s doctrine. The overall culture of present America supports environmental restoration and so some technologies were centered on environmentalism but these things will be useful if people will be aware of their role in preserving the environment as well. Religion is one of the components in shaping the environmental beliefs and practices of people. There are religions that are aware of the environmental destructions like Buddhism. Buddhists believe that there are other living things on this planet and that ‘Mother Earth’ and all other beings living in it should be respected and cared. According to the principle, the People-as-Problem-Solvers Perspective, societies can institute changes that positively respond to the needs of the environment and that they can also craft solutions to combat the signs of damage existent therein. As proven by the study of Fien et al., young members of the society who have attended school have higher levels of concern toward the environment. Additionally, the researchers advocated for community participation that helps the youth to become more appreciative to the bounty of nature and more sensitive to its limits. From the work of Petkus.

Children of parents who misuse alcohol

Children of parents who misuse alcohol Children Of Parents Who Misuse Alcohol Or Substances Introduction It is estimated that there are between 200,000 and 300,000 children in England and Wales where one or both parents have serious drug problems. Research and local knowledge have shown that substance and alcohol misuse in parents or pregnant women can have a significant impact on parenting and increase risk, especially for babies and younger children (Hidden harm 2003). This does not mean that parents who experience substance / alcohol misuse are poor parents. However the impact of substance misuse problems can, on some occasions lead to children and families needing additional support; or in a small number of cases support and multi agency disciplinary action to prevent significant harm. The most effective assessment and support comes through good information sharing, joint assessment of need, joint planning, professional trust within the interagency network and joint action in partnership with families. These guidelines apply whenever there are professional concerns about the wellbeing or safety of children whose parents or carers have substance/ alcohol misuse problems, specifically where these difficulties are impacting, or are likely to impact, on their ability to meet the needs of their children. These guidelines also apply to professionals working with pregnant women who have substance/ alcohol misuse problems, where their partners are known to have substance/alcohol problems or where someone with substance misuse problems is living in a household where children are present. Aims 2.1. To increase the professional’s understanding of the impact of an adult’s substance misuse problems on children’s lives. 2.2. To enable universal and specialist services to improve their identification of children in need where adult substance/alcohol misuse is a problem 2.3. To enhance the provision of co-ordinated services to families in which there are dependant children of parents, carers or pregnant women with substance/ alcohol misuse problems. Principles 3.1. All those who come into contact with children, their parents and families in their everyday work have a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. 3.2. Parents, carers and pregnant women with substance/ alcohol misuse problems have the right to be supported in fulfilling their parental roles and responsibilities. 3.3. A multi agency approach to assessment and service provision is in the best interest of children and their parents/ carers. 3.4. Risk is reduced when information is shared effectively across agencies. 3.5. Risk to children is reduced through effective multi agency and multi disciplinary working. 3.6. While many parents, carers and pregnant women with substance/ alcohol abuse problems safeguard their children’s well being, children’s life chances may be limited or threatened as a result of these factors, and professionals need to consider this possibility. Identifying The Need Of Children, Their Parents Or Carers, Or Pregnant Women With Substance/ Alcohol Misuse Problems 4.1. The birth of any new child changes relationships and often brings new pressures to parents. Agencies need to be sensitive and responsive to the changing needs of parents with substance/ alcohol misuse problems. 4.2. Parents, carers or pregnant women with substance / alcohol misuse problems may have difficulties which impact on their ability to meet the needs of their children, unborn child or new baby. 4.3. The adverse effects of alcohol/substance misuse on children are typically multiple and cumulative and will vary according to the child’s stage of development. They may include fetal alcohol syndrome, failure to thrive, blood-borne virus infections; incomplete immunisation and otherwise inadequate health care; a wide range of emotional, cognitive, behavioural and other psychological problems; early substance misuse and offending behaviour; and poor education attainment. These can range greatly in severity or may often be subtle and difficult to detect. 4.4. There is growing evidence to suggest that children often take on a caring role in families where there is parental drug or alcohol use. In some cases, it is particularly hard for children to cope with one or more parents with drug or alcohol dependency and they need help and support. 4.5. The risk of harm to the child may be reduced by effective treatment and support for the affected parent(s) and by other factors such as the presence of at least one other consistent, caring adult; a stable home with adequate financial resources; maintenance of family routines and activities; and regular attendance at a supportive school. Guidelines For Referral And Assessment For Pregnant Women With Substance/ Alcohol Misuse Problems 5.1 All agencies are responsible for identifying pregnant women with substance/ alcohol misuse problems who may be in need of additional services and support. 5.2. When a professional identifies a pregnant women experiencing substance/ alcohol misuse problems an assessment must be undertaken to determine what services she requires. This must include gathering relevant information from her GP, PDAC, the Midwifery service, in addition to any other agencies involved, to ensure that the full background is obtained about any existing or previous diagnosis, or treatment for mental illness. 5.3. Consideration must be given to the impact and harm continued substance misuse has on an unborn child. Where this assessment identifies that a pregnant woman has substance / alcohol misuse problems a referral must be made to Powys Children’s services for a pre-birth assessment. 5.4. Where the need for a referral is unclear, this must be discussed with a line manager or the Safeguarding Children’s Team. If a referral is not made this must be clearly documented. Staff should ensure that all decisions and the agreed course of action are signed and dated. Section 10 gives guidelines in relation to assessment of risk. 5.5. A pre-birth assessment should be undertaken on all pre birth referrals and a multi agency meeting held to share information. If a pre-birth multi agency meeting is not needed this must be endorsed by a manager and the reason for the decision clearly recorded on the agency’s records. Guidance For Referral To Pdac 6.1. In the case of pregnant women where there is evidence of problematic use of illicit, proprietary or prescribed drugs or alcohol, agencies becoming aware of the evidence should initially discuss the benefits of a referral to PDAC with the individual. If there is agreement referral should then be made to the appropriate area office of PDAC. This referral may be made initially by phone, but should be followed up immediately with a written referral. In the event that the woman is already a client of PDAC it would be appropriate to confirm that the pregnancy is known to them. In the event of a woman refusing to agree to a referral being made it is the responsibility of the agency to consider whether a referral can be made without consent on Child Protection grounds. This would need to be subject of discussions between all the appropriate agencies – Children’s Services, Police, Health etc. PDAC will always be willing to discuss the appropriateness of referral prior to formal contact being made. Guidance For Referral To Powys Children’s Services A referral for an initial assessment to Children’s services must always be made if a parent carer or pregnant woman is considered to have significant substance/ alcohol problems. A referral should be discussed with a line manager. NB If a child is in immediate danger then a referral to the police/social services should be made. Partnership Working Assessment and identification of parents, carers and children’s needs for services is not a static process. The assessment should also inform future work and build in an evaluation of the progress and effectiveness of any intervention. Where more than one agency continues to be involved in a joint assessment or provision of services for parents or carers with substance misuse problems, and their children, regular review dates must be set to jointly review the situation and to ensure that interagency work continues to be co-ordinated. Each agency should document their own actions and responsibilities clearly and also the roles and responsibilities of other agencies. References All Wales Child Protection Procedures Children Act 1989 Children Act 2004 DOH (2000). Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. Hidden Harm (ACMD) 2003 Appendix A Guidelines For Professionals For Assessing Risk When Working With Drug Using Parents The following assessment guidelines were developed by the Standing Conference on Drug Abuse (SCODA) [May 1997] to assist professionals in identifying children who may be in need or at risk as a result of parental substance/ alcohol misuse. They should be used as guidelines in the holistic assessment of the family. Parental Drug Use 1. Is there a drug free parent, supportive partner or relative? 2. Is the drug use by the parent Experimental? Recreational? Chaotic? Dependent? 3. Does the user move between categories at different times? Does the drug use also involve alcohol? 4. Are levels of childcare different when a parent is using drugs and when not using? 5. Is there any evidence of coexistence of mental health problems alongside the drug use? If there is, do the drugs cause these problems, or have these problems led to the drug use? Accommodation And The Home Environment 6. Is the accommodation adequate for children? 7. Are the parents ensuring that the rent and bills are paid? 8. Does the family remain in one area or move frequently, if the latter, why? 9. Are other drug users sharing the accommodation? If they are, are relationships with them harmonious, or is there conflict? 10. Is the family living in a drug using community? 11. If parents are using drugs, do children witness the taking of the drugs, or other substances? 12. Could other aspects of the drug use constitute a risk to children (e.g. conflict with or between dealers, exposure to criminal activities related to drug use)? 13. Is there adequate food, clothing and warmth for the children? 14. Are the children attending school regularly? 15. Are children engaged in age-appropriate activities? 16. Are the child’s emotional needs being adequately met? 17. Are there any indications that any of the children are taking on a parenting role within the family (e.g. caring for other children, excessive household responsibilities etc)? Procurement Of Drugs 18. Are the children left alone while their parents are procuring drugs? 19. Because of their parent’s drug use are the children being taken to places where they could be â€Å"at risk†? 20. How much are the drugs costing? 21. How is the money obtained? 22. Is this causing financial problems? 23. Are the premises being used to sell drugs? 24. Are parents allowing their premises to be used by other drug users? Provision Of Basic Needs Health Risks 25. If drugs and/or injecting equipment are kept on the premises, are they kept securely? 26. Are the children aware of where the drugs are kept? 27. If parents are intravenous drug users: Do they share injecting equipment? Do they use a needle exchange scheme? How do they dispose of syringes? Are parents aware of the health risks of injecting or using drugs? 28. If parents are on a substitute prescribing programme, such as methadone: Are parents aware of the dangers of children accessing this medication? Do they take adequate precautions to ensure this does not happen? 29. Are parents aware of, and in touch with, local specialist agencies who can advise on such issues such as needle exchanges, substitute prescribing programmes, detox and rehabilitation facilities? If they are in touch with agencies, how regular is the contact? Family Social Network And Support Systems 30. Do parents and children associate primarily with:   Other drug users?   Non-users?   Both? 31. Are relatives aware of the drug use? Are they supportive? 32. Will parents accept help from the relatives and other agencies? Parents’ Perception Of The Situation 33. The degree of social isolation should be considered particularly for those parents living in remote areas where resources may not be available and they may experience social stigmatisation. Do the parents see their drug use as harmful to themselves or to their children? Do the parents place their own needs before the needs of their children? Are the parents aware of the legislative and procedural context applying to their circumstances, (e.g. child protection procedures, statutory powers?

After School Programs Essay -- Education, Constructivism

This chapter provides a review of the literature related to after school programs. The literature review is organized into the following categories: History of After School Programs, Need for After School Programs, Effectiveness of After School Programs, Frequency and Duration, and Middle School After School Programs. This section also reviews the theoretical framework for this research. Theoretical Framework Constructivism is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our own knowledge of the world we live in (Au & Carrol, 1996). Learning is simply the process of adjusting what we already know to accommodate new experiences. Constructivism can be traced to the eighteenth century and the work of Giambattista (Bhattacharya & Han, 2001). Bhattacharya and Han maintained that humans are able to understand only what they themselves have constructed. Many philosophers and educators have worked with these ideas, but the first to develop a clear idea of what constructivism consists of were Jean Piaget and John Dewey. Von Glaserfield (1990) acknowledged that constructivism means â€Å"knowledge is not passively received.† Piaget (1973) stated that students are not just â€Å"empty heads† that can be filled with facts from packaged curriculum that is given out my teachers. Constructivism does not depend on a standardized curriculum. Instead, it promotes using curriculum customized to the students’ prior knowledge. Also, it emphasizes real world problem solving, experiments, reasoning and communication (Au & Carrol , 1997). Constructivism gives students the power to make connections, reformulate ideas, and reach conclusions (Brewer & Daane, 2002). After school programs often focus on teac... ...ved in 21st Century Community Learning Centers. The evaluation revealed that programs had difficulty recruiting and retaining young teens, and those that did participate attended inconsistently. The middle school students were less likely to participate in academic classes and more likely to be involved in recreation activities. Beth Miller (2003) stated that after school programs serving middle school children, must keep students engaged in the program by a variety of popular and engaging activities. She further noted that after-school programs are successful when participants have motivation to achieve academically. In summary, middle school learners benefit from frequent participation in quality after school programs that increase engagement in learning, provide a variety of recreational activities, and build key skills necessary for academic success.

Communication Studies Reflection

Communication Studies Reflection â€Å"It Shouldn’t Hurt To Be A Child† The scene takes place in a doctor’s office. David and Sarah Thompson have brought in their 10-year-old son Michael because of an ankle sprain. As the doctor enters the room, Michael is sitting on the examination table in shorts and a T-shirt with a bare right foot and ankle. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are sitting in chairs close to him. Doctor: So, you are Michael. I am Dr. Gupta. Nice to meet you Michael. [shakes Michael’s hand] How are you doing today? Michael: Okay. Doctor: [turning to Mr. and Mrs. Thompson] And are you Michael’s parents, Mr. and Mrs.Thompson? Nice to meet you. [extends hand to shake] Mrs. Thompson: Nice to meet you also. [shakes hands with doctor] Mr. Thompson: Charmed I’m sure [shakes hands with doctor] Doctor: Ok.. [turning back to Michael] So what brings you in today, Michael? Michael: I hurt my ankle. Doctor: How did this happen? Michael: I was skatebo arding and, I don’t know [pauses and looks over to his parents] I guess I just slipped or something? Doctor: When did this hap†¦.? [Mrs. Thompson intrudes] Mrs. Thompson: He did it about three days ago but last night I noticed he was still limping and I thought I ought to bring him in.I don’t think it’s broken, do you? Doctor: Well, let me take a look first. [begins to examine ankle] I’m just going to take a look at your foot. Is that sore? Michael: Ouch! Yes it hurts! Mr. Thompson: Stop being ah fool an leh de docta check yuh foot fuh meh please! Mrs. Thompson: [at Mr. Thompson] Oh gosh.. yuh doh hadda talk to him so.. [Mr. Thompson eyebrows frown together] Mr. Thompson: I ask yuh anything! [Mrs. Thompson remains quiet] Doctor: That’s okay. Let me just do one more thing. I’m going to raise your foot. [raises ankle] Michael: Owwww! Mr. Thompson: MICHAEL! Behave yuh self boy! pinches Michael on the arm] How much times I hadda talk tuh yu h. [Michael begins to cry] Doctor: [looks at Mr. Thompson in disgust] It’s okay, Michael.. [notices bruise in proximal fibular area] What happened here? Michael: I don’t know [pauses] I guess I fell another time. Mr. Thompson: He’s a really clumsy kid. I keep telling him to stay off that skateboard, but he just doesn’t listen. Doctor: [scanning both of Michael’s legs, stopping over left femur] And here? Another fall? Michael: Yeah, sure†¦ Mr. Thompson: I told you, he’s clumsy, but could you please get back to his ankle?Doctor: [continuing to examine Michael’s arms] Michael, can you take your shirt off for me please? Mr. Thompson: [getting a bit edgy] Doctor, we came in for his ankle. Could you please get back to his ankle? Michael takes off his shirt at the Doctor’s insistence. Doctor: [examines Michael, pausing over several spots on arms and back] Michael, you have a lot of bruises. Some are older than others. Whatâ€℠¢s been going on? Mr. Thompson: [getting more agitated] Steups, Doctor I rel eh understand wah is de purpose of dis non-sense. I payin my money fuh you to check he foot we could get back to his ankle please. Doctor: I have some concerns.Michael has a lot of injuries and some of them seem to have occurred at different times. When we see that in a child we worry that perhaps the injuries were not all accidental. Mr. Thompson: [rolls eyes] So wah yuh gettin at? Doctor: I’m not getting at anything. I am just saying that for Michael’s safety, we need to check a few things beyond his ankle. For this reason, I am going to have one of our social workers come and talk to you, your husband and Michael. Mr. Thompson: [getting more upset] I rel nuh in de mood fuh dis, yu eh have de right tuh do dat. Doctor: Actually, I do have the right. It’s the law.The main reason I’m doing it is to be sure that Michael is safe at home and I’m sure that is what you want, too . Raising kids can be very tough, sometimes we can all use a little help. Mr. Thompson: look! docta wah nonsense yu tellin mi bout help and how tuh raise mi son, I look like I need any help? If he harden I go beat some manners in tuh he. I is ah big man nobodi gwine tell mi wah and wah nuh tuh do, suck salt eh! I gwine from here! Mr. Thompson storms out the office Doctor: [shouts] Mr. Thompson where are you going? [Looks at Mrs. Thompson as she bursts into tears] Mrs. Thompson: [crying] Doctor please help me! Scene fades

Female Circumcision-con essays

Female Circumcision-con essays Imagine watching a horror movie in which a young girl of six is crying out in pain and fear because she is being held down by four women, each holding down either an arm or a leg. While this is going on an older women walks in with a razor blade and walks directly to the child. Without administrating any anesthesia to the girl, she attempts to cut off the childs genitals. Unfortunately, this isnt just fiction; this operation known as female genital mutilation happens everyday in Africa, the Middle East, and Far East. In a recent article news article, The World Health Organization says, As many as an estimated 130 million of the world's girls and women have undergone genital mutilation (Gollaher 189). It is easy to see why female circumcision is a barbaric ritual that should be banned. People generally assume that female and male circumcision are one and the same. However, this is false for two important reasons. Female circumcision doesnt consist of one just one type of operation, instead there are many different types of female circumcision, varying in the degree of how much of the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora are cut (Althaus). The other reason is due to the environment of where a female child is circumcised. When a girl is circumcised, this operation is often performed by untrained practitioners, with no form of anesthesia, and no proper cutting instruments (Romberg 18). Even though female circumcision has been practiced worldwide for over twenty centuries (Gruenbaum 193), only a small percentage of the population are actually educated in the matter. And for those that actually know about female circumcision they only think it happens in third world countries including, Africa and the Middle East. However it also occurs in immigrant communities in parts of Canada, Europe, Latin America and the United States (Wilkinson). In a recent article in the AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRI ...

Seniors Wall Essays

Seniors Wall Essays Seniors Wall Essay Seniors Wall Essay Essay Topic: Senior For School PaperSenior’s WallS.L. Tick-tock-tick-tock. The sound of an invisible clock hovers in every mind of every 4th year student. Graduation is, after all, mere weeks away. Soon, they will have to say goodbye to their peers, to their favorite teachers and to their Alma Mater who nurtured them to become champions. Now that their â€Å"rule† is nearly at its end, the â€Å"crown† is free for the taking. For the students who aspire to be at the top, here are some advices and words of inspiration from the kings and queens of BCC High:JPat: What advice can you give to the aspiring athletes of BCC â€Å"Just do your best in your chosen sport because your skill will eventually develop. Be patient because sooner or later it will be your time to shine.† * Christina Mae Hachero, Team Captain, Volleyball Girls * JPat: Being a leader is a tough responsibility. For you, what is leadership in BCC â€Å"Leadership in BCC is about sacrificing your time and self to serve and to be a good inspiration to others. The meaning of success as a leader is not about being perfect but being satisfied, confident, and honest to yourself the way you act and react in a certain situation. It is all about giving your best shot in everything you do, not only for yourself but also for other people. As Bl. Arnold Jensen said ‘To God, the glory; to my neighbors, the benefits; to myself, the burden.’† * Roger Joshua Venzal, SAO Senator, Former SAO President * JPat: What made you boost your confidence in high school â€Å"Well, first of all, you should be YOUrself. Just as the saying goes ‘be strong and thrive, be weak and you’ll perish.’ Don’t mind haters and people who speak negative about you. Remember always, on whatever words they will throw upon on you, take it as a challenge. Sooner or later you will succeed. And always bear in mind, you own the spotlight of your life; no one could ever ta ke it away from you.† * Miles Therese

Auditing theory and practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Auditing theory and practice - Essay Example The company follows (assumption) international accounting standards (IAS) and international financial reporting system (IFRS) for accounting and presenting its financial statements. In addition, since the company operates in UK, all the relevant UK laws and regulations are applicable for its operations, financial statements development and reporting along with disclosure requirements. The company is facing stiff competition in the perfect competition market in which it operates. This has caused the company to reduce its selling price in order to remain competitive in the marketplace. This cost cutting has adversely affected the sales revenue growth rate and hence, the profitability. This is a prominent business risk that the company has been unable to satisfactorily deal with; as a result, the company has to bear a loss in 2005. In addition, another glaring risk is the ownership structure of the firm and demise of the majority shareholder Mr. Kale. This might lead to power struggle in the company which ultimately results in loss of productivity and negative politics. Together these five areas can be used to gather insightful information about the company’s internal control environment and its effectiveness in preventing, detecting or mitigating risks to the company. The control environment refers to the overall organisation structure and values system. The commitment of top management is mandatory, and control environment study provides assurance about top management’s philosophy and operating styles. These are reflected in company’s policies, strategies and operating procedures. The auditor should conduct detailed interviews with top management and should study the company documentation to gather information about the control environment of the company; as top management is ultimately responsible for implementing and operating the corporate governance structure for the company. Studying the control environment with a view to identify management’s

The Usefulness of Cognitive Theories of Learning for Human Resource Essay

The Usefulness of Cognitive Theories of Learning for Human Resource Practitioner - Essay Example The paper tells that nowadays, senior managers tend to invest more money, time, and thought in the learning of their employees, and consider learning and development a strategic HR function Thus, it would be important to comprehend how and why learning takes place. Theories of workplace learning are placed into three main categories; these are psychological, socio-cultural and postmodern theories. Each view has different focus and contribution to different contexts. Various cognitive theories have been put forward including the Piaget developmental stage theory, the Bandura social cognitive theory, and Vysotsky and the Zone of proximal development. All these have a contribution to the development of employees and have been implemented at different levels. Cognitive theories of learning have enhanced employee productivity and effectiveness in most of the areas that they have been applied. Learning is a very important aspect of both individuals as well as organizational development. Le arning is a wide concept that has attracted several definitions from different individuals in different contexts. According to Wilson, learning is the process whereby knowledge, attitude or behavior is changed as a result of formal training and development, or transformation of informal experiences. Many assumptions have been proposed over the years to explain different cognitive approaches. The theories of three outstanding cognitive theorists including Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bandura explain some of the cognitive aspects that are very important when it comes to influencing the workforce in an organization. The development of a person has been a subject of intensive research by psychologists all across the world. One of the outstanding theories in this area is the Piaget developmental stage theory that helps us to understand behavioral development, especially at a young age. According to Piaget’s findings, there are four developmental stages that individuals go through, both o f which are relative to cognitive development. The first is the sensory-motor period in about the first two years when the child can only focus on physical interactions with their immediate environment. Next is the preoperational period from two to seven years old. During this stage, the child develops language skills and is able to think symbolically though still cannot think completely logical and empathetically. The period from seven to eleven years old is called concrete operational stage when the child becomes more rational to solve a simple problem and develops logical thought. The formal operational stage from adolescence through adulthood was Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development in children. The child/ adult develop the ability to think theoretically and formulate hypotheses. This theory was immensely influential on education research and policy during the 20th century.